Another Way Indoor Mold Harms Humans
Dr. Wang and Groopman from the Environmental Health Sciences Department at
Johns Hopkins, published a useful article on the effects of mold toxins on DNA
published in Mutation Research -- a leading cancer journal. They said clearly:
Mycotoxins are toxic fungal metabolites which are structurally diverse,
common contaminants of the ingredients of animal feed and human food. To date,
mycotoxins with carcinogenic potency in experimental animal models include
aflatoxins, sterigmatocystin, ochratoxin, fumonisins, zearalenone, and some
Penicillium toxins. Most of these carcinogenic mycotoxins are genotoxic agents with the
exception of fumonisins, which is currently believed to act by disrupting the
signal transduction pathways of the target cells. Aflatoxin B1 [is] a
category I known human carcinogen and the most potent genotoxic agent, is mutagenic
in many model systems and produces chromosomal aberrations, micronuclei, sister
chromatid exchange, unscheduled DNA synthesis, and chromosomal strand breaks,
as well as forms adducts in rodent and human cells....More strikingly, the
relationship between aflatoxin exposure and development of human hepatocellular
carcinoma ... was demonstrated by [other ] studies...
Mutat Res. 1999 Mar 8;424(1-2):167-81.
Aflatoxin Found In Human Breast Cancer Tissue
Harrison et al. (1993) examined human breast cancer tissue for evidence of
the presence of aflatoxin, a recognized potent carcinogenic mycotoxin. The
researchers examined human DNA from a variety of tissues and organs to identify and
quantify aflatoxin DNA-adducts. Such adducts are considered to be proof of
the mycotoxin's presence in a particular tissue. (These researchers had already
proved the value of this method in the detection of aflatoxin-DNA adducts in
tissue from a case of acute aflatoxin poisoning in Southeast Asia.)
DNA from normal and tumorous tissue obtained from patients with cancer of the
breast was examined. Tumor tissues had higher aflatoxin-adduct levels than
did normal tissue from the same individual.
The result of this study is that it verifies the presence of carcinogenic
aflatoxin within the cancer tissue and thus implicates aflatoxin as a cause of
breast cancer.
Cyclosporin (A Mycotoxin) Causes Breast Cancer In Humans
Cyclosporin is a fungal derived drug. It is classified as a mycotoxin in the
mycology literature (Betina [1989]).
Vogt et al. (1990) reported the occurrence of de novo malignant tumors
occurring in 598 renal transplant recipients who were immunosupressed with
cyclosporin.
Eighteen of 598 patients receiving their first renal graft along with
cyclosporin treatment between 1981 and 1986 developed a malignancy at a mean interval
of 33 months. The cyclosporin-induced cancers included breast cancer.
Escribano-Patino et al. (1995) reported the occurrence of breast cancer as a
complication of cyclosporin use in their series of kidney transplant
recipients.
Penn and First (1986) reported 88 tumors in eighty-seven organ transplant
recipients after the use of cyclosporin. Malignancies appeared an average of 14
months after the cyclosporin treatment. There was a surprising frequency of
endocrine-related malignancies (ovarian, testicular and breast) among these
malignancies. Aflatoxin Induces Malignant Changes In Human Breast Cells
Eldridge et al. (1992) noted that some environmental chemicals are stored in
human breast fat which are documented to be rodent mammary carcinogens. These
researchers stressed the importance of determining the cancer potential of
environmental agents in this key target tissue.
An assay was developed for detecting cancer potential using cultures of
normal human breast epithelial cells derived from 5 different women. A positive
response was observed with aflatoxin.
The conclusion of this study was that aflatoxin causes normal human breast
cells to become cancerous.
Could Moldy Cheese Causes Breast Cancer?
One sample study is by Le et al. (1986), in a French case-control study of
1,010 breast cancer cases and 1,950 controls with nonmalignant diseases, found
that breast cancer was found to be associated with increased frequency of
mold-fermented cheese consumption.
Oxalic Acid (A Mycotoxin) Found In Breast Cancer Lesions
Going et al. (1990) found that weddellite (calcium oxalate) crystals are
present in calcifications found in the breast tissue of patients with breast
cancer. Calcium oxalate crystals are formed when calcium binds with oxalic acid. In
human and animal systems, this is a protective process which considerably
reduces the severe toxicity of oxalic acid. Oxalic acid is a powerful corrosive
agent and oxalate salts are widely used for their cleaning and bleaching
properties!
Oxalic acid happens to be a mycotoxin which can be produced by a number of
different fungal species. Some fungi produce such large amounts of oxalic acid
that they are used for commercial production of the chemical.
Aspergillus niger fungal infection in human lungs produces large amounts of
oxalic acid which is extremely toxic to the blood vessels and which may cause
fatal pulmonary hemorrhages. Consequently, oxalic acid (calcium oxalate
crystals) in the sputum or lung specimens of patients is also an indication of an
Aspergillus infection of the lung. These calcium oxalate crystals are the same as
the calcium oxalate found in breast cancers.
The presence of oxalates in the breast is indicative of the presence of fungi
interwoven within the stages of breast cancer development. Since humans do
not make oxalic acid themselves, this is an appropriate conclusion.
Breast Oxalate Calcifications In Mammograms
Thomas et al. (1993) examined calcifications found in breast mammograms and
evaluated their relationship to the risk of subsequent breast cancer. The
presence, morphology, and distribution of calcifications visualized on baseline
mammograms of 686 women who developed breast cancer over a 7- to 10-year
follow-up period were compared with those of 1,357 controls who remained cancer free.
It was found that there was a significant correlation between such
calcifications and subsequent development of breast cancer.
Breast Cancer Calcifications Decrease With Tamoxifen (Antifungal) Treatment
Taylor and Georgian-Smith (1994) reported the regression of breast cancer in
four patients who had been treated with tamoxifen. The patients were closely
monitored with physical examination and mammography for a minimum of 2 years.
In all cases, the features of malignancy which were seen on mammograms
regressed. These results were documented by a decrease in the number of
calcifications and in the size of spiculated masses. These results suggest that these
breast calcifications are dynamic in nature, being able to regress as effective
treatment reduces the cancer.
Comment
The presence of oxalate calcifications in the breasts of virtually every
patient with breast cancer, and their subsequent regression as a result of
treatment with the antifungal agent tamoxifen, points to the strong possibility that
there is a fungal role in this cancer. There have even been reports of fungal
cells growing out of cancer cells. The existence of a viable fungal
sub-forms--with its DNA co-mixed with a human's own DNA--could well explain the bizarre
appearance of the DNA in cancer cells. Support for such a "science fiction"
type scenario is found in the observation that a lectin staining procedure, used
to find "invisible" fungi in tissue specimens, happens to identify breast
cancer cells. Normal cells do not stain with these same lectin staining
procedures.
The lectin stain is also taken up by strange multinucleated giant cells which
suggests that these cells may, in fact, be fungal cells. This could explain
the presence of oxalates in breast cancer tissue, a metabolite produced by
fungi and not by humans. It might also help explain how breast cancer is caused by
a number of fungal-fermented foods, particularly those made with Baker's or
Brewer's Yeast (both being Saccharomyces cerevisiae), known producers of uric
acid which degrades to oxalic acid (Costantini [1989]).
Baker's yeast is used to make bread, a documented cause of breast cancer in
Japanese women. Brewer's yeast is used to make many alcoholic beverages, all of
which are known to cause breast cancer in every country where the connection
has been investigated, a fact which is well documented. Other research some
feel beer and wine mycotoxins increase breast cancer above chance.
T-2 Toxin Causes Breast Tumors
Schoental et al. (1979) reported that breast cancers were induced in rats
which were dosed with T-2 Toxin.
T-2 Toxin is a Fusarium toxin frequently found in the human food chain. The
fact that T-2 Toxin induced breast cancer in an animal model is most
significant, for this cancer occurs so often in humans.
Furthermore, antibodies against Fusarium fungi are frequently found in human
blood. These fungi and their toxins are the most frequently encountered
contaminants found in animal feed and human foods. See also Saito (1971) and Corrado
(1971), both of whom induced breast cancer in mice using moldy rice and its
extracts.
Ochratoxin Causes Breast Tumors
Fibroadenomas in the mammary gland were found in over half of a group of
female mice which were dosed with ochratoxin (Boorman [1988]). In humans,
fibroadenoma is a documented risk factor for breast cancer (Dupont et al. [1994]).
Ochratoxin Causes Breast Fibroadenomas
Huff (1991) investigated the carcinogenicity of ochratoxin, a naturally
occurring mycotoxin of the fungal genera Aspergillus and Penicillium, which was
studied in three strains of mice and in one strain of rats.
It was found that fibroadenomas of the mammary glands were induced by
ochratoxin administration. In humans, fibroadenoma is a documented long-term risk
factor for breast cancer (Dupont et al. [1994]).
Penicillic Acid/Patulin Cause Breast Adenomas And Breast Sarcomas
Penicillic acid was found to induce mammary adenomas, as well as local
sarcomas and fibrosarcomas in mice and rats. Patulin was also reported to cause
mammary adenomas in mice and rats (Dickens and Jones [1965], Dickens [1967]). See
also Ciegler et al. (1971).
Verrucarin Induced Breast Tumors
Jodczyk (1984) was able to induce breast tumors in mice by exposing them to a
derivative of the mycotoxin verrucarin E.
Moldy Rice Extract Causes Breast Cancer
Mammary cancers (breast cancers) were induced by feeding an alcohol extract
of moldy rice to animals (Corrado [1971]). See also Saito (1971).
This is hardly a complete presentation of this topic, but it is merely
offered to allow reflection on the troubling action of some mycotoxins.
I would like to thank the editorial research of three World Health
Organization Scholars for the sample references above:
A.V. COSTANTINI, M.D.
Head, World Health Organization (WHO)
Collaborating Center For Mycotoxins In Food
HEINRICH WIELAND, M.D.
Medical Director, World Health Organization (WHO)
Collaborating Center For Mycotoxins in Food
LARS 1. QVICK, M.D., Ph.D.
Co-Medical Director, World Health Organization (WHO)
Collaborating Center For Mycotoxins In Food
http://www.personalconsult.com/articles/moldandbiotoxins/cancerandmoldtoxins.h
tml
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